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Ostraca of Samaria are Sixty-four legible ostraca which were found in Samaria. These are written in early Hebrew characters, which very closely resemble those of the Siloam Inscription, but show a slight development of the cursive script. These ostraca were found in the treasury of the palace of Ahab, and probably date about his period, 850 B.C. At least they must all date prior to 750 B.C., when the palace was destroyed.

Description

They are written on fragments of five different types of vessels—large thick amphorae, with a drab or grey surface; large thin amphorae, with a drab or grey surface; jugs of soft brown ware with a reddish slip; basins of the same ware; and bowls of coarse ware with a red or yellow slip, all of these presumably being vessels that were used in receiving and storing the revenue. Sherds with a smooth surface or a slip would naturally be preferred for writing.
These ostraca are evidently part of a somewhat clumsy method of book-keeping. Either they were a "day-book," notes of daily receipts to be written up in some form of "ledger" afterwards; or they were the sole record kept of the amount of wine and oil received in various years from various places. They may have been written and handed in by the givers, not by the receivers.
All of them began with a date, such as "In the ninth, tenth, or fifteenth year" presumably of the reign of Ahab. This is followed by the amount and quality of wine or oil received, with the name of the place where it came from and of the giver, such as "in the tenth year wine of Kerm-ha-Tell for a jar of fine oil" where evidently wine was accepted in place of fine oil. "A jar of old wine" and "a jar of fine oil" are the most usual descriptions.

Examples

Ostracon No. I contains a list of amounts paid in by five people. It reads : IN THE TENTH YEAR. To SHEMARYAU. FROM BEER-YAM Jars of Old Wine. Rage', son of Elisha'...... 'Uzza, son of .. i Eliba, son of i Ba'ala, son of Elisha...... i Yeda 'Yau, son of .. i
   Ostracon No. 2 is a similar document: IN THE TENTH YEAR. To GADDIYAU. FROM AZAH Jars of Old Wine. Abi-ba'al Ahaz .. Sheba' Meriba'al
   Ostracon, No. 18 In the tenth year. From Hazeroth to Gaddiyau. A jar of fine oil.
   Ostracon, No- 30 In the fifteenth year. From Shemida to Hillez (son of) Gaddiyau. Gera (son of) Hanniab.
   Samaria Ostracon, No. 55 In the tenth year. (From the) vineyard of Yehau-eli. A jar of fine oil.

Names of Places

Are the names of the villages or districts, and the other names are those of the peasant farmers who paid their taxes in the form of jars of wine. Of the places mentioned on these Ostraca, Shechem is the only one that can be identified with a text occurring in the Old Testament. In Kerm-ha-Tell, and Kerm-Yahu-'ali, the word Kerm must mean " the village, or vineyard," Tell means "mound". This locality may be the current Tul Karm in Samaria. Six of these place-names occur in the Old Testament as "tribal subdivisions of Manasseh", in Joshua xvii. 2. and Numbers xxvi. 28/:

Abi-'Ezer,
Khelek,
Shechem,
Shemida',
No'ah,
Hoglah.

The names of the seventeen places occurring on these Ostraca are

Shiftan, may be current village of Shoufa

Beer-yam

Azzo, may be current village of Azzon

Gib, may be current village of Gaba or Jaba'

Yasot, may be current village of Yasid

Azat Par'an (?),

Abi-'ezer,

Kerm-ha-Tell, may be current town of Tulkarm

Shemida',

Kheleq,

Khoglah,

No'ah Shekem,

Shereq.

Names of Royal Officials

These names are preceded by the word " to," indicating that they were the recipients. The names occurring are :

Ba'alzamar (cf. Baal-saman, Stele of Zakir).

Akhino'am.

Shemaryau.

Gaddiyau.

Isha Akhimelek—/ Isha, son of Akhimelek.

Nimshi (?).

Bedyau (?).

Akhima.

Kheles.

Kheles Gaddiyau—for example, Kheles, son of Gaddiyau.

Kheles Afsakh—/.*., Kheles, son of Afsakh.

Khanan Ba'ara.

Gomer.

Khanndno 'ana.

Yeda'yau.

Yeda'yau Akhimelek—; Yeda'yau son of Akhimelek. Most of these names sound very unusual and un-Biblical. In form they recall more strongly names occurring in the Tell-el-Amarna Letters and the records of Thothmes Ill's conquests in Syria.

Names of the Tax Payers

Some of the names of tax-payers on these sherds are :

Names with " son of."

Rage' Elisha.
'Alah Ela.
Gera Khaimi'ab.
Ye'ush of Yasheb (?)

Ba'al combinations

Ba'ala of El Mettan.
Ba'ala Elisha.
Ba'al B(asalme'oni ?)
Isha Ba'al'azkar.
Abi-Ba'al.
Meri-ba'al.
Ba'ala Za(kar).

Single.

Eliba.
Akhima.
Akhaz.
Sheba.
Qedar of Saq.
Uzza.
Kheles of Khaserot.
Akhzai of Khaserot.

' Yau " Combinations.

Yeda'yau.
Gera Yauyosheb. (Gera son of Yauyosheb)
Mafna-yau Natao (son of) of Yasot,
Abed-yau. (Servant of Yau.)
Abi-yau. (Child of Yau.)
Marnayau Gaddiyau. (Marnayau son of Gaddiyau.)

In these personal names unfamiliar as most of them are, we're Struck at once with the fa£t that Ba'al occurs in their formation with as great frequency as Yahveh or Yah appears in Biblical names of the Kingdom of Judah. It is significant of the influence of Sidonian worship of Ba'al in the Northern Kingdom. Yet, if the syllable "yau" is part of the word Yahveh, with " h " dropped out, it would appear that in some families the worship of Yahveh is also reflected in the family name.
These lists of names bear clear testimony as to the co-existence of Ba'al worship alongside of the worship of Jehovah in Northern Israel.
On the sherds found, the only years mentioned are the ninth, tenth, fifteenth, and seventeenth, and the only materials are wine and oil.

Biblical Names

The names Kheles, Akhinoam, Akhimelek, Kha-nan, Ba'ara (female), Gomer (female), are all Biblical, while Gaddiyau and Shemaryau are the northern forms of Gedaiah and Shemariah. Some of the Ba'al combinations are of course, Phoenician—for example, Ba'alzamar. The names Abiba'al, Akhaz, Sheba9 Elisha, 9Uzza, Ela, Gera, Rafa, and Natan (Nathan), are all Biblical.
As no complete jar seems to have been found, it's impossible to say what the quantities were, nor can we say whether the jar of oil and the jar of wine were equivalent in value. The inscribed jar-handles of revenue jars which I found on Ophel appeared to me for several reasons to belong to jars of no great size, but here again no complete jar was found. No inscribed jar-handles, such as were found at Tel Gezer and the Ophel, were found at Samaria.

Sources

Digging Up Biblical History Recent Archeology In Palestine And Its Bearing On The Old Testament Historical Narratives by J.Garrow DuncanFurther Information

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